A former chief operating officer told me: "I remember working with a guy who had been at Danvers State since the thirties and talking to him about the baseball team, and how Danvers had always had a great team. They won all kinds of trophies. They were really a premiere team, and he said, 'The only drawback on this was that if you were a really good player you were guaranteed not to get discharged, just because you were needed to be on the team." In a made-for-television documentary, a former employee related: "When I was there, there were a lot of people who had come . . . in the early 1900s. There was a young man . . . who had been there all his life--since he was eight years old. According to his records. . . .he had pulled three false fire alarms and that got him hospitalized." She also recalled a particular foreign patient: "There was a young man from Turkey who spoke no English. Was he behaving bizarrely? Perhaps. . . .the record doesn't indicate. He was picked up as a vagrant, jailed, and then sent to the hospital, and never left. . . . and nobody ever talked to him in Turkish" (WGBH, 1995).

In an article titled "Too Many Patients to Treat, Human Flood Turned Hospital into Madhouse," which appeared in the September 6, 1987, Lynn Sunday Post, reporter David Marrs wrote: "Stories like the tale of a boy whose mother could not discipline him anymore and decided to place him at Danvers State for 'treatment' are not unusual. Forty years later, when asked to sign his name, he held the pad and pencil, and in a rough free-hand sketch, drew a picture of--the hospital." A former nurse on "J-3" told me: "In a lot of aspects Danvers was a pit, as were a lot of state hospitals, but in a lot of ways it was a very humane, very caring environment." His point of view coincided with the sentiment expressed by a former unit director: "There was a time that the state hospitals were in their glory. . . .They were actually very nurturing, very positive places to be. People had real work to do. They went out in the fields and they were farmers. . . . They were in the kitchen baking, or cooking the meal people were going to eat that evening. . . . Clients would talk about when they had their real jobs--'I used to work in the laundry'. . . .'I used to farm"' (WGBH, 1995).

Marie Balter, the famous mental health advocate, recently deceased, wrote regarding her time as a patient at Danvers: "As the months go by, my friendship with Mother Eaton and Miss Harris, the head nurse on C-1, deepens. I feel very close to them both. . . . I feel trusted and accepted as a real person. . . . [Miss Harris is] a kind and gentle young woman. . .[who] always gives the impression of complete competence. It doesn't take long for me to feel close to her" (Balter and Katz 1987, 68).

In sharp contrast to these observations are the strongly held opinions of the Danvers Memorial Committee. This dynamic organization is made up of more than sixty ex-patients and their allies. It has convened in order to convince the State of Massachusetts to properly memorialize the cemeteries at Danvers, as well as at other former state hospitals, prisons, and schools for the developmentally disabled. The committee's Web site describes the challenge it faced: Although the cemeteries had been neglected and overgrown for thirty-five years, the committee "discovered [them] and the 768 people buried [at Danvers]. Since our beginning in February of 1998, we have succeeded in getting the two cemeteries at Danvers State Hospital cleared, but conditions are still deplorable." The gravestones are marked only with a number. The state had reportedly lost records of which name went with which grave number, so committee members have been forced to research the death certificates at the respective town halls in order to identify the buried.

In November of 1998, the committee held a service to commemorate the grave sites. The day was cold and blustery, and the hospital campus looked like a Halloween set. Some sixty members of the committee, a state representative, and several members of the media convened to witness the blessing of the graves, including the release of balloons--the latter representing "the letting go of the stigma of the past and the beginning of a new age of respect and dignity for people with mental illness" (Danvers State Memorial Committee pamphlet). There followed a tour of the two graveyards that contained the rows of burial sites, each marked by a circular stone with a number on top. It was an unforgettable experience, walking through the recently cleared site looking at the rows of stone markers. There was a mood of incredulity that these "pauper" burials had been carried out. I found myself saying the numbers--194, 276, 389, and so on. We were walking over the remains of more than seven hundred persons, with not one name of a deceased to be found. Who were these people? What had their lives been like? Each had been a unique individual in life, yet here they were unnamed and unacknowledged in death.

As I walked through the recently cleared plots of land, I looked up over the northern stone wall and the adjoining field where, just a short while before, we had released balloons. I peered through the tangle of naked tree branches, intertwined like so many gnarled limbs, and saw the dark silhouette of "A"wing on the eastern side of the hospital. It seemed to be brooding over this public gathering in the "pauper graveyards." The sharp points of the hospital wing loomed forebodingly. I experienced the eeriest feeling--one that came close to reconciling the dichotomies of Danvers. I realized the institution had been a home, but now I wondered, what sort of home? Viewed from the stone wall that formed one side of the graveyard, it seemed a monstrous one.

Many questions have crowded my mind about Danvers. For instance, I have wondered what this hospital looked like at night before the advent of electricity. Did the candles highlight the silhouettes of human figures from within? How many generations of crows and pigeons have inhabited the worn gray wooden air shafts, whose vents are shaped like a bird's wings? What did Danvers smell like when the institution succumbed to "the evils of overcrowding"? Had the electric fans that were installed in the ventilation towers in 1894 actually relieved the stench of rising misery in the overcrowded Castle?

I have no idea why I wonder about such things. I sometimes have thought I might be haunted by this place on the hill. It is without a doubt the most powerful building I have encountered, and I wonder if Kirkbride's creation has not perversely worked its therapeutic magic on me--namely, that I have internalized the structure, but not the psychiatric paradigm, of the wreck it has become. I have done more than four hundred drawings in pastel of its exterior, interior, and what its inhabitants must have looked like. The size of the drawings range from twenty by twenty to twenty-eight by one hundred and twenty inches. Because I work full time as a social work director in a private psychiatric hospital, I have done most of my work early in the morning to cups of coffee and the pounding of hard rock/heavy metal. Perhaps some find it incongrous that I enjoy such groups as Fat Boy Slim, Nine Inch Nails, Praxis, Prodigy, Rammstein, Ministry, and Motorhead, even though I am over fifty. These bands reflect my own transient feelings of depression and alienation. As I listen to the likes of Pearl Jam wailing away I pick up snippets of lyrics through the rumbling beat that echo what I have heard at work in the hospital: suicidal and homicidal ideation, total despair, and memories of abuse. For at the hospital, I see the "revolving door" spin too fast; the people coming in for desperately needed help, too sick; the insurance companies' pressure to discharge, too strong; and the community supports too decimated through cutbacks to really assist those we are mandated to serve.

How does one reconcile the acts of caring with the image of the snake pit? "The answer is that we are better scientists than Kirkbride and his friends, but not better people. . . . Kirkbride imagined far better things in the relationship of citizens to mental patients than the failures for which we are responsible. So the present times cry out for a woman like Dorothea Dix, a man like Thomas Kirkbride" (Bond 1947, 160). Dix's biographer, David Gollaher wrote that "where Dix failed, and where every other reformer has failed since, is in making the humanitarian ideal tenable within the perpetually self-interested scheme of American politics. While modern society frets about visible madness in the streets, now as then, it seems resigned to tolerating a mentally ill underclass whose condition thwarts treatment, palliation or control" (Gollaher 1995, 448). The historian went on to assert that by "default the Los Angeles County Jail, violent and overcrowded, has in the late twentieth century become the nation's largest mental institution" (450).

Returning to the lunatic hospital of an earlier era, I have found that Danvers is about many complex issues far beyond my ability to convey. My obsession about the place continues. These images from Poe are fitting.

References:

Balter, Marie, and Richard Katz. 1987. Nobody's Child. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.

Bond, Earl D., M.D. 1947. Dr. Kirkbride and His Mental Hospital. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Cini, Marcia M. 1981a.A Goal For Danvers State Hospital: A Future As Distinguished As Its Past. The Application for National Historical Places.

Cini, Marcia M., 1981b, "The Hospital Palace at Danvers:Its History and Architecture." Master's thesis; Boston University.

Cini, Marcia, Boston University; Candace Jenkins, Preservation Planning Director; and Richard Trask, Danvers Historical Commission. 1981. National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

Cole, Donald B. 1963. Immigrant City; Lawrence, Massachusetts 1845-1921. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Commissioners to Purchase Land and Erect Hospital for the Insane. 1875. Report Upon the Erection of the New Hospital for the Insane, in the Northeastern Part of the Commonwealth: Danvers, 1875. Boston: Wright and Potter, State Printers.

"Danvers State Memorial Committee." June 1998. Danvers State Memorial Committee, Hathorne, Mass. Pamphlet.

Deutsch, Albert. 1948. The Shame of the States. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Gamwell, Lynn, and Nancy Tomes. 1995. Madness in America: Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness Before 1914.Ithaca: Cornell University Press and the State University of New York at Binghamton.

Gollaher, David. 1995. Voices for the Mad; the Life of Dorothea Dix. New York: Free Press.

Isaac, Rael Jean, and Virginia C. Armat. 1990. Madness in the Streets. New York: Free Press, Macmillan.

Kirkbride, Thomas S., M.D. 1873. On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane. New York: Arno Press.

Lovecraft, H.P. 1982. "The Haunter of the Dark." The Best of H.P. Lovecraft: Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre . New York: Del Rey, Ballantine.

Lovecraft, H.P. 1982. "Pickman's Model." The Best of H.P. Lovecraft: Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre . New York: Del Rey, Ballantine.

Lovecraft, H.P. 1982. "The Shadow Over Innsmouth." The Best of H.P. Lovecraft: Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre . New York: Del Rey, Ballantine.

Lovecraft, H.P. 1982. "The Silver Key." The Best of H.P. Lovecraft: Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre . New York: Del Rey, Ballantine.

Morales, Joseph. "A Short Tour of Lovecraftian New England," from "A Visit to Danvers State Hospital" on the Historic Asylums of America. Web site (http: / / members. dencity. com/ asylums/ danvers_ma/).

Page, Charles W., M.D. 1904. "Mechanical Restraint and Seclusion of Insane Persons." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal cl. 22 (December 1).

Page, Charles W., M.D. 1910. Danvers State Hospital Laboratory Papers. Boston: W.M. Leonard Co.

Poe, Edgar Allen. 1975. The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allen Poe. New York: Vintage Books, Random House.

Rees, Carol. 1995. "New Research on Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder." NAMI Advocate, National Alliance of the Mentally Ill, 17, 2 (September, October).

Stone, Michael H., M.D. 1997. Healing the Mind: A History of Psychiatry from Antiquity to the Present. New York: W.W. Norton.

Tomes, Nancy, Ph.D. 1984.A Generous Confidence: Thomas Story Kirkbride and the Art of A xsylum-Keeping 1840-1883. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Trustees of the Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1884. Annual Report for the Year Ending September 30, 1883. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of the Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1885. Annual Report for the Year Ending September 30, 1884. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1887. Annual Report for the Year Ending September 30, 1886. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of the Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1893. Annual Report for the Year Ending September 30, 1892. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of the Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1898. Annual Report for the Year Ending September 30, 1897. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of the Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1920. Annual Report for the Year Ending November 30, 1919. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of the Danvers Lunatic Hospital. 1923. Annual Report of the for the Year Ending September 30, 1922. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.

Trustees of the Danvers State Hospital. 1931. Annual Report for the Year Ending November 30, 1930. Gardner, Mass.: Occupational Printing Plant Department of Mental Diseases, Gardner State Colony.

Trustees of the Danvers State Hospital. 1937. Annual Report for the Year Ending November 30, 1936. Gardner, Mass.: Occupational Printing Plant, Department of Mental Diseases, Gardner State Colony.

WGBH, Boston. 1995. Beyond Mental Illness: The Journey of Marie Balter. Television documentary; Farrar Parkman, producer (March 23).

---

The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada
By: Henry M. Hurd, William F. Drewry, Richard Dewey, Charles W. Pilgrim,
G. Alder Blumer and T.J.W. Burgess. Edited by Henry M. Hurd, M.D., LL. D.
Emeritus Professor of Psychiatyr, The Johns Hopkins University; formerly
Medical Superintendent of the Pontiac State Hospital; Secretary, The Johns
Hopkins Hospital. Volume II.
The Johns Hopkins Press; Baltimore, MD, 1916.


DANVERS STATE HOSPITAL.
By Dr. George M. Kline, superintendent.
HATHORNE, MASS.

In 1873, Act 239 of the General Court, appointing commissioners to establish a hospital for the insane in the northeastern part of the state, was passed in response to a general demand for the increased accommodation of the insane and a special petition from the City of Boston, which desired to be relieved from the burden of supporting its insane in a local institution and at the same time paying a large portion of the expense of supporting the insane of other cities and towns in the state institutions.

The building commissioners, who were appointed on April 29, 1873, and entered upon their duties May 17 following, were Samuel C. Cobb, C. S. Esty and Edwin Walden.
They advertised for a suitable site for a hospital and out of more than 40 places offered finally selected on October 6 the Dodge Farm, in the western part of the town of Danvers, containing 197 ¼ acres.
The first estimate of the cost of the new institution had been $600,000. The commissioners, however, before contracts were signed, asked and received $900,000, and when the work was under way the revised plans called for $600,000 more, which the Legislature of 1876 granted.
The building commissioners in October, 1877, delivered the property into the hands of the first Board of Trustees, who found much work to be done before the building could be made ready for-patients.

DANVERS STATE HOSPITAL 705
The hospital was first opened to patients on the 13th day of May, 1878. The trustees issued the by-laws in the same year. Worth noting among these is Chapter 1, Section 12:
The number of cases of chronic insanity admitted to the hospital shall not consist of a larger proportion than one-third of the total number of patients, so far as can be accomplished under the laws of the common-wealth.
The Dodge farm included a hill 180 feet above the level of the railroad, and on the top of this hill the hospital, a long . line of turreted buildings of Gothic type, was established. The (p. 702) main group was composed of l0 buildings, connected by fireproof passages, each building falling back about 64 feet behind the one central to it.
The two extreme buildings, called A and J, lying obliquely, were intended for and have been used for the reception of the more excited patients. It was planned to accommodate 27o patients in single rooms, a total of 468. The rear center building contained kitchen, pantry, laundry, linen room, bake room, dining and sitting rooms.
At the same time a reservoir was constructed through a mutual agreement between state and town, by which the town was to furnish water and the hospital to build a reservoir, keep it in repair, and pay $1000 a year for 20 years to the town. On December 31, 1886, the contract as to yearly payments expired, and the town asked a yearly payment of $5000. After six years of costly negotiation, in which no satisfactory conclusion was obtained, an act of 1905, authorizing the hospital trustees to provide an independent supply, was passed.
The value of the whole plant November 30, 1911, was estimated at $1,842,143.
The main building stands at present almost exactly as built with the addition of large projecting out-of-door porches and dormitories with connecting bed-rooms for buildings A and J.
In 1905 the largest single addition was made in the establishment of a colony for women, located just beyond the line separating Danvers from Middleton. One hundred and seventy-eight women occupied these buildings in 1905, and this number has been increased to about 250 at the present time. All patients' quarters are located on the ground floor. Each ward has a large platform or veranda along its front, upon which the patients spend the greater part of the day. Windows are wholly unbarred. Under such conditions only able-bodied and quiet patients can be maintained there, although constant supervision day and night is provided.
In 1907 two one-story buildings were completed for male and female tubercular patients. These accommodate 18 patients each. A building equipped for surgical purposes was attached to building A in 1903. A home for women nurses was completed in 1898. (p. 703)

DANVERS STATE HOSPITAL 703
Grove Hall, a building at the foot of the hill and standing by itself, has proven to be an attractive home for those of the patients who are able workers and need little supervision. It was com-pleted in 1902 and accommodates about 50.
Dayton Hall, a much smaller building, attached to the filter beds, has for the last 14 years accommodated about 11 patients and one attendant, whose business it is to see to the proper working of the filters.
At present 125 acres are under cultivation, the produce amounting to about $7000 a year. From 30 to 40 patients are usually engaged in the farm work. One hundred and three men and 106 women find employment on the wards only. A few inadequate rooms over the boiler house are used as workshops, but poor facilities have not prevented the hospital making its mattresses as needed, its brooms, harness and shoe repairing, caning chairs, upholstering and renewing much of its furniture. Sewing rooms for women have been established both at the main hospital and at Middleton Colony. Seven hundred gallons of tomatoes and also 500 quarts of berries, picked by patients, have been canned and 30 barrels of pickles prepared. Many patients are employed in the laundry.
In all 308 women and 355 men are usefully employed, 38 per cent and 56 per cent respectively, a total of 45 per cent for the total population.
In 1889, with the daily average of 744 patients, the total expenses for maintenance were $148,461.92, an average cost per patient per week of $3.89. In 1911, with 1452 patients as a daily average, the total maintenance expenses had risen to $365,242.77, an average cost per patient per week of $4.857..
A new purchasing system was inaugurated at the beginning of the fiscal year 1910-11. All requisitions for supplies to be purchased are presented Monday mornings by the heads of departments to the superintendent for approval. Requests for quotations are then sent out. This method has produced very gratifying results. Before this system of sending out bids was inaugurated it was necessary for the steward to spend two days a week in Boston; now one day is sufficient. It was found that nearly everything could be purchased by sample. (p. 704)
The triplicate order form has been put to a year's test. It has resulted in the careful receipt of all stores; count, weight, or measurement being taken before any bill was approved. The freight charges have been entered on the orders and these charges have been deducted from the invoices. Attention has been given to the return of empty receptacles for which the hospital has received credit. This has been in a great part due to the use of this order form.
The unbusinesslike method of issuing storeroom supplies merely by exchanging worn-out articles at the store for new articles has been discontinued. All stores have been issued on signed requisi-tions. A perpetual stock book is now being kept which shows always the balance on hand. This book also shows the departments to which supplies are issued, affording a means to correct excessive issues.
Patients are received by a physician and supervisor and are assigned to ward A-I or I-1 for observation. A cleansing bath is given at once, immediate records are made of patient's general condition, scars, bruises, temperature, pulse, and the patient is put to bed. A sample of urine is collected for examination, a 24-hour amount when possible.
In the meantime the friends of the patient who have accompanied him are detained for a history. When no one appears to give a history within the first two or three days an attempt is made to reach those interested in the patient by letter, and since October 12, 1912, it has been possible for a field worker to look up matters in the patient's home.
The physician's certificate follows the history in the type-written records and this is in turn followed by the routine physical examination; under the headings general appearance, chest, circulatory system, digestive system, abdomen, genitor-urinary system, including the laboratory report on the urine. This is in turn followed by a special neurological examination under the headings neuromuscular condition, cranial nerves, reflexes, sensations and subjective sensations.
An orientation blank containing questions on consciousness and orientation, school knowledge, arithmetical problems and a specimen of handwriting serves as a basis for the mental examination, which is intended to be a summary of the physician's observations (p. 705) from the first few weeks in the hospital. This is given under the formal headings of general appearance and attitude, conversation, handwriting, school knowledge, intelligence, consciousness and orientation, apprehension, attention, memory, associa-tions, hallucinations, disturbance of judgment, emotions and will.
Considered of more importance than this formal summary are the running notes which follow the schedule-day of admis-sion, three days after, one week after, every two weeks for two months, and then every month for six months, all these records being headed by a short summary. In the case of accident, escape, discharge, transfer from ward to ward, sudden change of condi-tion, notes are made at once.
Among the running notes are the field worker's reports upon patients' home surroundings, occupation and condition of those out on a visit.
In the running notes are found the results of the Wassermann examinations, which, since July 1, 1912, have been made upon the blood of every patient admitted and on the spinal fluid of every case where there can be a suspicion of metasyphilitic disease. In the preparation of these extensive notes two dictaphones have proven to be of great value.
In 1899 the daily clinic was begun at the hospital and accurate records were kept after 1902. All admissions and all discharges come before the physicians and the superintendent. Of late special invitations have been sent to the patients' local physicians, who have been able at the same time to observe closely the methods of the hospital to which they send their patients and to supply much-needed information as to the patient's history. A stenographer is present and a verbatim report of questions and answers is recorded under the running notes. Just before case reading an abstract is prepared, which precedes the history. At this time a list of symptoms is prepared for the symptom-index--an index which runs back to the beginning of the hospital in 1878.
The ordinary principle of keeping separate the different classes of patients has been followed with the acute cases, the infirm and the tubercular. No special provision has been made for the epileptic or alcoholic. (p. 706)
An entirely new dietary is made out every two weeks and care is taken not to place on it the same food for the same day of each week. A report of the waste of each meal is made to the steward and that report enables him either to find some sufficient reason for an unusual amount of waste or to cut out of the dietary those articles constantly refused by the patients. Women nurses were employed on the male wards in 1897 and were soon removed, but in September, 1912, were again restored to the men's ward which contained the greatest number of bed patients.
Up to 1905 attendants were on duty 16 hours a day, with four hours off a week. From 1905 to 1910 one full day off was given, and in 1912 the hours on duty were reduced to 12, with one full day of free time. The minimum monthly wage for men attendants was raised to $25 in 1910.
In 1889 a two-years' course of training was established and a principal of the school appointed. In 1890 there were seven graduates, which is about the present average. No male attendant has as yet received a diploma. An improvement which was first suggested in 1882 and finally carried into effect in 1897 was the establishment of a congregate dining room. At the first meal it accommodated 522 patients and 64 employees.
The dining room is on the second floor behind the' central building and is reached by covered galleries from the second floors of both wings. A floor area of 120 by 8o feet has air and light on three sides. Patients are in the room a full hour for dinner and a half-hour for breakfast and supper.
No food is placed upon the table until all patients have entered and are seated. As the kitchen is directly below the dining room, there is no difficulty in serving warm food to all. In practice it is found that the walk to and from the dining room, with two hours a day spent in changed surroundings, is an agreeable break to the ordinary routine of institution life. The two factors which led to its being retained, described by a later superintendent as a therapeutic measure, seemed to be that nothing is done in haste and that the music, if good, is eagerly listened to.
A large expense in food transportation is, of course, clone away with. A scheme which this hospital shares with many other institu-tions of the state is efficiency in buying, attained by a voluntary (p. 707)
association of the purchasing agents of the insane hospitals. Wherever possible it has been found that buying in large quantities in combination has resulted in a decided saving. Bids are given a much wider publicity than it is possible for one hospital to secure alone.
An incinerator in the basement of the rear center on the same level that all waste and rubbish of the buildings are deposited has proven a good sanitary measure and an economy.
In the first year of its history this hospital established open wards. Fifteen per cent of the patients were allowed to go home on a visit, to be terminated if things did not go well. While this custom has been followed ever since, it is only in 1912 that patients on visit have been followed up and definite information procured about them before they are discharged. In 1885 Dr. Goldsmith expressed himself strongly opposed to mechanical restraint, and suggested a system of boarding out as a means of relief from overcrowding.
A pathological laboratory was established in 1895 by Dr. Page and has been in continuous service ever since. In 1897 Dr. Page completed the uprooting of mechanical restraint in the hospital by formally prohibiting it.
In 1899, as before mentioned, the daily clinics for admissions and discharges were begun.
The year 1911 marked the establishment of two important innovations: the regular visits of a dentist and the beginning of eugenic work by a field worker under Dr. Davenport's direction. This field worker has been retained for the present year to make closer the contact between the patient's home and the hospital, by looking up patients on visits, patients whose friends have not come to see them and observing the home, occupation and family surroundings of the patient.
The year 1912 marked also the establishment of a routine Wassermann test on every admission, free access by patients to the halls at night and invitations to the local physicians of the patients to attend the case readings.
The hospital history has been marked by three alarming fires, which did no personal damage; one started from the drying room of the old laundry in 1899, one originated from defective electrical wiring in one of the towers connecting two of the buildings occupied by patients, in February, 1912.
The hospital has suffered epidemics of dysentery in 1908, and diphtheria in 188o, 1905 and 1910.
The Board of Commissioners appointed to establish the Danvers State Hospital were:
Samuel C. Cobb, C. S. Esty, Edwin Walden, James F. Ellis, superintending architect; Nathaniel J. Bradlee, consulting architect; Charles A. Hammond, engineer.

TRUSTEES.
James Sturgis 1878-1882
Daniel S. Richardson 1878-1896
Charles P. Preston 1878-1888
Samuel W. Hopkinson 1878-1910
Gardner A. Churchill 1878-1881-1910_
Charles F. Folsom, M. D 1881-1883
Harriet R. Lee 1882-1898
Solon Bancroft 1883-1909
Orville F. Rogers, M. D 1884-1910
Florence Lyman 1884-1901
Augustus Mudge 1888-1889
Edward Hutchinson 1889-1892
John S. Colby 1890-1894
William B. Sullivan 1892-1905
Zina E. Stone 1894-1899
Grace C. Oliver 1898-1899
Mary Ward Nichols 1899-
Horace H. Atherton 1900-
Ada T. Brewster 1901-1909
Michael F. D'Arcy 1905-1906
George R. Jewett 1906-1910
Annie M. Kilham 1909-
S. Herbert Wilkins 1909-
Ernest B. Dane 1910-
Samuel Cole 1910-
Seward W. Jones 1910-

MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS.
Dr. Calvin S. May 1878-1880
Dr. William B. Goldsmith 1881-1886
Dr. William A. Gorton. 1886-1888
Dr. Charles W. Page.... 1888-1898
Dr. Arthur H. Harrington 1898-1903
Dr. Charles W. Page 1903-1910
Dr. Henry W. Mitchell 1910-1912
Dr. George M. Kline 1912_

ASSISTANT MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS.
Dr. Walter Charming... 1878-1879
Dr. Henry R. Stedman.. 1879-1884
Dr. William A. Gorton.. 1884-1886
Dr. Edward P. Elliott... 1886-1897
Dr. George P. Sprague.. 1897-1899
Dr. Henry W. Mitchell.. 1899-1907
Dr. Henry M. Swift.... 1908-1912
Dr. Ray D. Whitney.... 1912-1912
Dr. John B. MacDonald. 1912_

ASSISTANT PHYSICIANS.
Dr. Winfred B. Bancroft 1878-1879
Dr. Edward M. Harding 1879-1881
Dr. M. A. Jewett 1883-1892
Dr. Julia K. Cary 1879-1897
Dr. Arthur H. Harrington 1885-1894
Dr. Sanger Brown 1881-1882
Dr. William A. Gorton.. 1882-1884
Dr. F. W. Walsh 1882-1884
Dr. Joseph W. Jackson.. 1892-1893
Dr. Frederick L. Hills 1893-1896
Dr. George P. Sprague 1894-1897
Dr. Harry H. Colburn 1896-1899
Dr. Frank A. Ross 1898-1900
Dr. Mary Paulsell 1898-1907
Dr. James D. Madison 1899-1902
Dr. Harry L. Barnes 1900-1903
Dr. Phillip C. Bartlett 190I-1902
Dr. Henry M. Swift 1902-1905
Dr. Earl E. Bessey 1902-1907
Dr. Henry A. Cotton 1903-1907
Dr. Louis Hoag 1903-1906
Dr. F. Robertson Sims 1904-1906
Dr. Charles B. Sullivan. 1905-1909
Dr. Henry M. Swift 1906-1907
Dr. Anna H. Peabody 1906-1913
Dr. John J. Walker 1907-1908
Dr. Gordon T. Brown 1907-1908
Dr. Charles Ricksher.... 1907-1910
Dr. Edwin W. Katzenellenbogen 1908-1910
Dr. Leslie C. Bishop 1908-1910
Dr. Isaiah M. Halladjian 1908-1910
Dr. Harlan L. Paine 19o9
Dr. William B. Cornell 1910-1912
Dr. Nelson G. Trueman 1910_
Dr. George Parcher 1910-1911
Dr. A. Warren Stearns 1910-1911
Dr. Allan D. Finlayson 1911-1912
Dr. Burton D. Thorpe 1911-1913
Dr. F. D. Streeter 1912-1913
Dr. Rose Bebb 1913_
Dr. Alice A. Steffian 1913_
Dr. Frederick P. Moore 1913-1913
Dr. John H. Travis 1913_
Dr. David T. Brewster 1913

PATHOLOGISTS.
Dr. James J. Putnam.... 1879-188o
Dr. William L. Worcester 1895-1901
Dr. Albert M. Barrett.. 1902-1905
Dr. Elmer E. Southard.. 1906-1909
Dr. James J. Ayer, assistant 1907-1908
Dr. Herman M. Adler 1909-1912
Dr. Myrtelle M. Canavan 1908-1912
Dr. Earl D. Bond 1912-1913

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Copyright © 2000 Michael Ramseur All rights reserved.
Last Revised: 0 6/8 /06

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